Note whether bibliographies are included. Scan the table of contents and the index to get a broad overview of the material it covers. Read the preface to determine the author's intentions for the book. Having made an initial appraisal, you should now examine the body of the source. Is this a scholarly or a popular journal? This distinction is important because it indicates different levels of complexity in conveying ideas. Although the fact that the publisher is reputable does not necessarily guarantee quality, it does show that the publisher may have high regard for the source being published. If the source is published by a university press, it is likely to be scholarly. If you are using a Web source, do the pages indicate revision dates? Publisher Also, many printings or editions may indicate that the work has become a standard source in the area and is reliable. Is this a first edition of this publication or not? Further editions indicate a source has been revised and updated to reflect changes in knowledge, include omissions, and harmonize with its intended reader's needs. At the other extreme, some news sources on the Web now note the hour and minute that articles are posted on their site. On the other hand, topics in the humanities often require material that was written many years ago. Is the source current or out-of-date for your topic? Topic areas of continuing and rapid development, such as the sciences, demand more current information.On Web pages, the date of the last revision is usually at the bottom of the home page, sometimes every page. If it is not there, look for the copyright date on the reverse of the title page. When was the source published? This date is often located on the face of the title page below the name of the publisher.Is the author associated with a reputable institution or organization? What are the basic values or goals of the organization or institution?.For this reason, always note those names that appear in many different sources. Has your instructor mentioned this author? Have you seen the author's name cited in other sources or bibliographies? Respected authors are cited frequently by other scholars.and other countries and for specific subjects and the biographical information located in the publication itself to help determine the author's affiliation and credentials. What are the author's credentials-institutional affiliation? Where does he or she works? What are their educational background, past writings, or experience? Is the book or article written on a topic in the author's area of expertise? You can use the various Who's Who publications for the U.S.In contrast, an earlier study by Williams cited below shows no significant gender differences in sex role attitudes as a result of nonfamily living. Increasing the time away from parents before marrying increased individualism, self-sufficiency, and changes in attitudes about families. They find their hypothesis strongly supported in young females, while the effects were fewer in studies of young males. The authors, researchers at the Rand Corporation and Brown University, use data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Young Women and Young Men to test their hypothesis that nonfamily living by young adults alters their attitudes, values, plans, and expectations, moving them away from their belief in traditional sex roles. American Sociological Review, 51, 541-554. ![]() The erosion of traditional family orientations among young adults. NOTE: APA requires double spacing within citations. The following example uses the APA format for the journal citation.
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